Eliminating Terrorist Groups Through Leadership Decapitation

Robert Wright in the NY Times

Jenna Jordan of the University of Chicago, published her findings last year in the journal Security Studies. She studied 298 attempts, from 1945 through 2004, to weaken or eliminate terrorist groups through “leadership decapitation” — eliminating people in senior positions.

Her work suggests that decapitation doesn’t lower the life expectancy of the decapitated groups — and, if anything, may have the opposite effect.

For starters, reflect on your personal workplace experience. When an executive leaves a company — whether through retirement, relocation or death — what happens? Exactly: He or she gets replaced. And about half the time (in my experience, at least) the successor is more capable than the predecessor. There’s no reason to think things would work differently in a terrorist organization.

Maybe that’s why newspapers keep reporting the death of a “high ranking Al  Qaeda lieutenant”; it isn’t that we keep killing the same guy, but rather that there’s an endless stream of replacements. You’re not going to end the terrorism business by putting individual terrorists out of business.

Ticos are No Longer so Fond of American Stuff

Don’t get me wrong, they are still fond of the American Dollar – they will accept all of them they can get their hands on (including those lovely American tourist Dollars) – but they are less eager to spend their precious Colones on American goods. As a result, the Dollar, relative to the Colone, is in decline.

This has not been obvious (except the the decline in the exchange rate) but as I think about it, I can now see a pattern in all kinds of consumer goods. There are less American cars, and vehicles of all types. Blue Bird buses used to be ubiquitous, but they are now only seen in rural areas. Much the same for Mack dump trucks, other countries are now muscling in on their territory, by selling better products for less.

American used clothing used to be a big business down here, and all over Central America. But as people get more affluent, they want new clothing, not used American hand-me-downs that make them feel inferior.

Where People Are

This could also be called Context is Everything, because that is what this is about. What people are depends on their context – where they are is what they are. Their surroundings give them the resources that define who they are. They do not exist in a vacuum.

When we are born, we exist in the world of ourselves and our mother – with a strong emphasis on ourselves. This is what makes small children so delightful: they are their unique selves. Something they later give up as they grow up.

While this is true, it is also true that people can continue to define their own individual selves – although this is relatively rare, and may be only a small part of them. But this is only likely to happen if their society supports this kind of individuation.

This kind of society existed in classical times, was rediscovered by the Renaissance, and was one of the reasons for the formation of the modern world.  It existed in early America, which was strongly influenced by the Enlightenment. This world, where the autonomous individual could flourish, is no longer with us – and this is probably the biggest problem that we have – because progress depends on human creativity – not on the state of technology.

Let me return to where people are. There are two places people can exist: in themselves or in others – in other words: inside of themselves or outside of themselves. These are the two kinds of human spaces: social or individual. We are not things, which do not relate to anything else, so we cannot reside in that kind of space. We only exist in relationships, and our most important relationship should be with ourself. The paucity of this relationship to ourselves is the crisis of our times.

In our original condition, as small groups of hunter-gatherers, we existed both as part of a tribe and as ourselves, and there was no major conflicts between these two. Now that these people have vanished, this human ability: to exist as individuals and also as part of a group, has vanished with them. And this is also one of our biggest problems.

Now, the usual way for people to be, is to be part of their group, and to identify with it completely. And more and more to have this socializing mediated by technology: such as television or by computers and the Internet.

By contrast, our socializing technology was once accomplished by writing and reading and by public speaking. All skills that are now in decline. And it hardly needs to be said, by thinking – a skill now also now in decline.

One thing more needs to be said: we should pay more attention to our relationship to power. And by power I mean both its social form and as chemical energy, these two have merged to form Informational Capitalism and the Military – which here again, are much the same thing.

In fact what we have is now a complex: many different, interacting actors that are each evolving. But this is such a new idea that even experts in the field cannot, in my humble opinion, really understand it. We are not in charge of it – but, as usual, it is an charge of us.

The end result is that the autonomous self, that exists in itself and for itself, has practically disappeared. It has been swamped by the world of mass-produced objects and people that are ruthless and brutal.

Americans Assume the Corporate Model Will Become the Model for All of Society

They assume the work environment (which is, after all the most powerful and important place in their lives) will be the model used everywhere else too. And they are not far wrong.

Am I saying anything shocking here, some kind of exposé? Not really, I am just telling everybody something they already know, but are reluctant to admit: that the Corporations are in complete control. We still like to think we are in control – an illusion they carefully nurture, along with something else that is even more amazing – the belief that Corporate power isn’t really that powerful, not all that threatening. And everyone wants to believe this.

Let me back off a notch. Will you agree that the various industries, such as the Defense industry, the Health industry, and Financial industry, (to say nothing of the Penal industry) have enormous influence on the Government? That they have enormous influence on the Media (since they own it)? And that they have enormous influence on the Educational Establishment (since they are only interested in graduates that are useful to them)? That they are only interested in themselves and their power?

Is it too much to summarize by saying the Corporate model has become the model for everything?

Aude Sapere

This is Latin for Dare to Know.

I was cleaning out my bookshelf today, throwing away books I was no longer interested in. One was the Foucault Reader, which contains a selection of Foucault’s writings and comments on them. Immediately my eyes fell on What is Enlightenment? I started reading it again, and got more out of it this time. Here Foucault is responding to Kant’s answer to this question in a periodical of their time.

Kant indicates the “way out” that characterizes Enlightenment is a process that releases us from the status of “immaturity”. And by immaturity he means a certain state that makes us accept someone else’s authority to lead us where the use of reason is called for.

He also says Enlightenment has a “Wahlspruch”: a heraldic device which is also an instruction – which is aude sapre: have the courage, the audacity to know. The Enlightenment must be considered both as a process in which men participate collectively and as an act of courage to be accomplished personally. Men are at once elements and and agents of a single process. They may be actors to the extent that they participate in it; and the process occurs to the extent that men decide to be its voluntary actors.

This is fine and good: in our time we have reverted to being children – but resent fiercely having this pointed out. But something even more serious is happening: this process has gone underground in reverse: we now avoid being aware. This is happening in our collective unconscious and also in our individual unconsciousnesses – without our being aware of it.

He then talks about how to think about modernity. Here Foucault really shines:

Criticism is no longer to be practiced in the search for formal structures with universal value, but rather as a historical investigation into the events that have led us to constitute ourselves, and to recognize ourselves as subjects of what we are doing, thinking, saying. In that sense, this criticism is not transcendental, and the goal is not that of making metaphysics possible: it is genealogical in its design and archeological in its method…

This means that the historical ontology of ourselves must turn away from all projects that claim to be global or radical.

We know that the great promise or the great hope of the eighteenth century lay in the simultaneous and proportional growth of individuals with respect to each other. What is at stake here, then, is this: How can the growth of capabilities be disconnected from the intensification of power relations?

Indeed, this is the big problem in a world gone mad with power.

Why Kids Can’t Read

Teacher Professional Development

To my simple mind, the answer is simple: because we don’t want them to. We are not interested in making them literate, or educated in any other way. Not really. Of course, we say just the opposite, but actions speak louder than words.

But let the experts speak for themselves – as they often do on Education Week, an excellent source. Richard Allington, whose credentials are awesome:

I’m 62. And literally, since I entered the education field at 21 and became a reading specialist the following year, the promise has been held that we’re going to teach all kids to read. The good news is that, in the past five or 10 years, we’ve had large-scale demonstrations that show that in fact we could do that if we wanted to. We have studies involving multiple school districts and hundreds or thousands of kids demonstrating that, with quality instruction and intervention, 98 percent of all kids can be reading at grade level by the end of 1st or 2nd grade.

So it’s not a question that we don’t know what to do. It’s a question of having the will to develop full literacy in this country, and to organize schools and allocate money in ways that would allow us to do that. Instead, we’ve tended to come up with flim-flam excuses for why it’s not possible.

What is Obama doing about this? Much the same as Bush: he is making the situation worse, while pretending to make it better.

Real Americans Love War

I just realized this clearly – and immediately wondered why I never realized it before. No doubt it was because Americans are not aware of it themselves, and don’t want anyone else realizing it. But everyone else in the world already knows it, and Americans should too.

When the peaceniks marched on Washington before the Iraq War, the media disparaged them as weak nothings. Real Americans, they implied, were eager for another war, and not too squeamish about the reasons for one. War had become a national pastime – and one they didn’t want to deprive themselves of.

What baffled me was the support for war from the business world. I could see how the defense industry was in favor of it: it was money directly into their pockets. But how could all this vast flow of money elsewhere benefit the civilian industries, since it would obviously weaken the civilian economy?

Then I realized: war would make popular control of the economy impossible – the thing they dread most. They have to be in control of the economy. A peace economy would make this difficult because the people would come to their senses, and decide the economy should benefit them. That they should have more power.

Business is interested in power, and they don’t want this taken away from them. If the nation collapses, this is not a problem: they will still rule in the ruins that remain.

Hallucinogens Have Doctors Tuning In Again

NY Times

As a retired clinical psychologist, Clark Martin was well acquainted with traditional treatments for depression, but his own case seemed untreatable as he struggled through chemotherapy and other grueling regimens for kidney cancer. Counseling seemed futile to him. So did the antidepressant pills he tried.

Nothing had any lasting effect until, at the age of 65, he had his first psychedelic experience. He left his home in Vancouver, Wash., to take part in an experiment at Johns Hopkins medical school involving psilocybin, the psychoactive ingredient found in certain mushrooms.

“There’s this coming together of science and spirituality,” said Rick Doblin, the executive director of MAPS. “We’re hoping that the mainstream and the psychedelic community can meet in the middle and avoid another culture war. Thanks to changes over the last 40 years in the social acceptance of the hospice movement and yoga and meditation, our culture is much more receptive now, and we’re showing that these drugs can provide benefits that current treatments can’t.”

We Have Lost It

What is this it? It was our interest in reality, something new in human history. Previously, we had believed in various illusions, beginning with a universal belief in Spirits – beings that only existed in our minds and nowhere else. This was later enlarged to include Religion – and a belief in Monarchy, as closely related beliefs. Recently, as I have been studying The Making of the Modern World, one section was devoted to showing that Nationality, was in effect a new religion. As the Monarchy declined, people still needed something to identify with.

I am convinced, based on my working experience in high-tech, that we now have another new religion, but one without a name. At least Nationalism had a name, so we could point to it. This new religion is a worship of business – as being omnipotent, all-wise and all-powerful – global, in fact. The New Economy.

In this economy, the business world owns everything: all the money and all the jobs. You can’t get more powerful than that. And the business world is now only interested in power: getting it and keeping it.

There is only one problem with this: this is not reality, but only another illusion. Because power is only something that exists in human minds.

We became powerful and affluent originally because about five hundred years ago we were able to see what reality really was. And once we understood this, we could align ourselves with it – and use its power. But we misunderstood the situation, and ended up thinking we we all-powerful ourselves – when we were only tapping into the real source of power.

So we switched back to a worship of ourselves – or more precisely, a worship of our technologies and institutions – and ignored the reality we are embedded in. This reality is of two kinds: external and internal – outside of us and inside of us. Some of the stuff inside of us is delusional, as I have said. But some of it is real enough, and constitutes what we are as individuals.

We are now ignoring external reality- global warming, for example – but are ignoring our inner reality even more. It has even got the point where it hardly exists, because our new religion demands that we ignore it.

The Self is an Illusion Created by the Brain

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Buddhists, with their well-developed meditation skills, have known for a long time that the Self is an illusion created by the Mind. Even with my mediocre meditation skills, I have been been convinced of this over and over. The Mind is always doing crazy things – and when we go to sleep, it still makes up crazy dreams. Where is the Self in all this chatter?

But of course Buddhists knew nothing of the brain. It is not an easy organ to study, being just a mass of mushy gray stuff.

I was not until the advent of computers that we finally realized we could consider the mind as a information processing device – a far different kind of device, but an information processor far more powerful in its own right. I worked for a robotic company for awhile, and they were proud of the image processing their robots could perform.

For example, at a cookie factory women would pick up cookies coming out of the oven on a wide stainless steel sheet, and pack them into fancy boxes. They soon developed repetitive stress injuries from the the same thing over and over. This was costing the company money. So they installed a row of robots where the women had been, equipped with solid-state cameras and a computer to manage the whole thing. The robots, under computer control, would figure out where the cookies were, which robot would be the best one to pick up each cookie, pick up each cookie, put it nicely in a box, and when it was full, grab another box and start over.

It was an impressive sight, all those robots working together, and it was one of their most impressive videos. But the company always wanted them to work harder and faster – does this sound familiar? So a consulting engineer fine-tuned the program that ran them. He installed the program, it it seemed to be working fine, so he left. Not long after he left, the robots went crazy, and started throwing cookies all over the place.

But I see I have digressed, let me get back to the subject: the Self and the Brain.

For a long time the relationship between the Mind and the Brain was a mystery, and many were convinced it always would remain a mystery. But recent brain research is beginning to piece it together. The brain is composed of various sub-units, each of which has it own special job. And these are connected together, in ways we do not yet understand very well, so they can coordinate in the performance of larger tasks: for example, vision processing.

The interesting thing is how consciousness fits into this. Consciousness seems be be a recent add-on, and it is not aware of much that is going on – as Freud pointed out. This means the Self is not in control as much as it thinks it is – again, something we have known for a long time, but are reluctant to admit. Religiously, we believe we have a Soul and Free Will. But even in Jesus’ time possession by foreign spirits was common, which made it puzzling to figure out what was really going on.

It is now becoming clear: the Self is an illusion created by the Brain – but a very important illusion. It lets us create a sense of Time and Meaning – which we cannot live without.

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